{"id":5,"date":"2026-04-07T21:46:35","date_gmt":"2026-04-07T21:46:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/live-jsums-2026.pantheonsite.io\/home-2\/"},"modified":"2026-07-08T16:13:00","modified_gmt":"2026-07-08T16:13:00","slug":"home-2","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/","title":{"rendered":"Home"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\n\n\nGlobal Business and Economic Perspectives (GBEP) \u00b7 Jackson State University<\/title>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/\">\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin=\"\">\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Sora:wght@300;400;500;600;700;800&family=Crimson+Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<style>\n*,*::before,*::after{margin:0;padding:0;box-sizing:border-box;}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;}\nbody{font-family:'Crimson 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#5BAADC;outline-offset:3px;}\n.sr-only{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);white-space:nowrap;border:0;color:#1C2430;background:#FFFFFF;}\n.resource-list{display:grid;gap:.75rem;}\n.resource-item{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:1rem;padding:1rem 1.25rem;background:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #C2D4E6;border-radius:8px;transition:border-color .2s;}\n.resource-item:hover{border-color:#008ED6;}\n.resource-icon{font-size:1.5rem;flex-shrink:0;}\n.resource-item__name{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-weight:600;font-size:.92rem;color:#002147;}\n.resource-item__desc{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:.9rem;color:#636B78;}\n.resource-item__link{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:.8rem;font-weight:600;color:#00629A;text-decoration:underline;margin-left:auto;white-space:nowrap;flex-shrink:0;}\n@media(max-width:900px){.about-grid,.contact-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}.footer__grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;}.hero__inner{grid-template-columns:1fr;}.hero__stat-band{flex-direction:row;flex-wrap:wrap;min-width:0;}}\n@media(max-width:600px){.footer__grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}.cta-band__inner{flex-direction:column;}}\n\n .contact-items{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:2.5rem;margin-top:0;}\n .contact-item{display:flex;gap:.85rem;align-items:flex-start;min-width:220px;}\n .contact-icon{font-size:1.3rem;line-height:1;margin-top:.1rem;flex-shrink:0;}\n .contact-item__label{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.1em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#636B78;margin-bottom:.15rem;}\n .contact-item__val{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:1rem;color:#1C2430;}\n .contact-item__val a{color:#00629A;text-decoration:underline;}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n ELEMENTOR CONTAINMENT RESETS\n Prevents Elementor wrapper styles from bleeding into our\n custom HTML content blocks.\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n\n\/* Zero out all padding\/margin\/gap\/background on every Elementor wrapper *\/\n.elementor-widget-container,\n.elementor-widget-wrap,\n.elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-element,\n.elementor-section .elementor-container,\n.elementor-section .elementor-row,\n.e-con,\n.e-con-inner,\n.e-child,\n.e-con > .e-con-inner {\n padding: 0 !important;\n margin: 0 !important;\n gap: 0 !important;\n background: transparent !important;\n background-color: transparent !important;\n background-image: none !important;\n border: none !important;\n box-shadow: none !important;\n max-width: none !important;\n width: 100% !important;\n}\n\n\/* Section-level Elementor wrappers *\/\n.elementor-section,\n.elementor-top-section,\n.elementor-inner-section {\n padding: 0 !important;\n margin: 0 !important;\n background: transparent !important;\n background-color: transparent !important;\n background-image: none !important;\n}\n\n\/* Strip Elementor heading color overrides *\/\n.elementor-widget-container h1,\n.elementor-widget-container h2,\n.elementor-widget-container h3,\n.elementor-widget-container h4,\n.elementor-widget-container h5,\n.elementor-widget-container p,\n.elementor-widget-container a {\n color: inherit !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Dark section hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n .hero and .cta-band.dk MUST stay dark regardless of\n Elementor theme color injection.\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.hero,\n.hero * {\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.hero__inner {\n justify-items: center !important;\n text-align: center !important;\n}\n.hero__inner > div {\n display: flex !important;\n flex-direction: column !important;\n align-items: center !important;\n text-align: center !important;\n max-width: 780px !important;\n margin: 0 auto !important;\n}\n.hero__btns {\n justify-content: center !important;\n}\n.hero__desc {\n max-width: 640px !important;\n margin-left: auto !important;\n margin-right: auto !important;\n}\n.hero__tag {\n display: inline-block !important;\n}\n.hero {\n background-color: #00152E !important;\n background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, #00152E 0%, #002147 60%, #003366 100%) !important;\n position: relative !important;\n}\n.cta-band.dk {\n background-color: #002147 !important;\n background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, #00152E 0%, #002147 100%) !important;\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.cta-band.dk * {\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.cta-band.dk .btn--primary {\n background-color: #00659E !important;\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.cta-band.dk .btn--outline-white {\n border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.6) !important;\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Section background hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.sec {\n background-color: #FFFFFF !important;\n color: #1C2430 !important;\n}\n.sec--off {\n background-color: #F3F7FB !important;\n color: #1C2430 !important;\n}\n.sec--surface {\n background-color: #E6EEF6 !important;\n color: #1C2430 !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Text color hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.sec .sec-title,\n.sec .sec-eyebrow,\n.sec h2,\n.sec h3 {\n color: #002147;\n}\n.sec p,\n.sec li,\n.sec dd,\n.sec dt {\n color: #4A5060;\n}\n.sec a {\n color: #00629A;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 About section hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.about-facts {\n background: #E6EEF6 !important;\n border-radius: 8px !important;\n padding: clamp(1.5rem, 3vw, 2.5rem) !important;\n}\n.about-facts__title {\n color: #00629A !important;\n font-weight: 700 !important;\n}\n.about-facts dl dt {\n color: #636B78 !important;\n text-transform: uppercase !important;\n font-size: .72rem !important;\n letter-spacing: .08em !important;\n font-weight: 700 !important;\n}\n.about-facts dl dd {\n color: #1C2430 !important;\n font-size: .97rem !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Card hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.card {\n background: #FFFFFF !important;\n border: 1px solid #C2D4E6 !important;\n border-radius: 8px !important;\n}\n.card__eyebrow { color: #00629A !important; }\n.card__title { color: #002147 !important; }\n.card__text { color: #4A5060 !important; }\n.card__link { color: #00629A !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Faculty card hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.faculty-card {\n background: #FFFFFF !important;\n border: 1px solid #C2D4E6 !important;\n border-radius: 8px !important;\n}\n.faculty-card__name { color: #002147 !important; }\n.faculty-card__title { color: #636B78 !important; }\n.faculty-card__contact, \n.faculty-card__contact a { color: #00629A !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Resource list hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.resource-item {\n background: #FFFFFF !important;\n border: 1px solid #C2D4E6 !important;\n border-bottom-color: #C2D4E6 !important;\n}\n.resource-item__name { color: #002147 !important; }\n.resource-item__desc { color: #4A5060 !important; }\n.resource-item__link { color: #00629A !important; border-color: #00629A !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Program card hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.program-card {\n background: #FFFFFF !important;\n border: 1px solid #C2D4E6 !important;\n border-radius: 8px !important;\n color: #1C2430 !important;\n}\n.program-card__name { color: #002147 !important; }\n.program-card__level { color: #636B78 !important; }\n.program-card__dot { background: #008ED6 !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Tab hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.tabs__btn {\n background: transparent !important;\n color: #002147 !important;\n border-color: #C2D4E6 !important;\n}\n.tabs__btn[aria-selected=\"true\"] {\n background: #002147 !important;\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n border-color: #002147 !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Accordion hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.accordion__trigger {\n background: #FFFFFF !important;\n color: #002147 !important;\n border-color: #C2D4E6 !important;\n}\n.accordion__trigger[aria-expanded=\"true\"] {\n background: #002147 !important;\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.accordion__body { \n background: #FFFFFF !important; \n color: #4A5060 !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Nav drawer hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.fnav-drawer {\n background: #002147 !important;\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.fnav-drawer__header {\n background: #00152E !important;\n border-bottom-color: rgba(0,142,214,0.3) !important;\n}\n.fnav-drawer__title { color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n.fnav-drawer__eyebrow { color: #3DB4F0 !important; }\n.fnav-item { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.85) !important; }\n.fnav-item.is-active,\n.fnav-item:hover { color: #FFFFFF !important; background: rgba(0,142,214,0.2) !important; }\n.fnav-group__label { color: #3DB4F0 !important; }\n.fnav-drawer__footer { color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n.fnav-footer-link { color: #FFFFFF !important; text-decoration: none; }\n.fnav-footer-link:hover { color: #3DB4F0 !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Hero text hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.hero__tag { color: #3DB4F0 !important; }\n.hero__title { color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n.hero__desc { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.85) !important; }\n.hero__btns .btn--primary { background-color: #00659E !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n.hero__btns .btn--outline-white { border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.6) !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Breadcrumb hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.breadcrumb { background: #002147 !important; }\n.breadcrumb a, .breadcrumb span { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.75) !important; }\n.breadcrumb [aria-current=\"page\"] { color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Contact section hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.contact-items { color: #1C2430 !important; }\n.contact-item__label { color: #636B78 !important; }\n.contact-item__val { color: #1C2430 !important; }\n.contact-item__val a { color: #00629A !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Skip link \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.skip-link:focus {\n background: #008ED6 !important;\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 BTT button \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.jsu-btt {\n background: #00659E !important;\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Menu toggle \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.fnav-toggle {\n background: #002147 !important;\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.fnav-toggle:hover { background: #007ABB !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 WCAG: Ensure minimum contrast on all body text \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\nbody { \n background-color: #FFFFFF !important; \n color: #1C2430 !important;\n}\n\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 TICKER STRIP \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.ticker-wrap{\n background:#00152E;\n border-top:1px solid rgba(0,142,214,.25);\n border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,142,214,.25);\n overflow:hidden;\n padding:.55rem 0;\n position:relative;\n}\n.ticker-wrap::before,\n.ticker-wrap::after{\n content:'';\n position:absolute;\n top:0;bottom:0;\n width:80px;\n z-index:2;\n pointer-events:none;\n}\n.ticker-wrap::before{\n left:0;\n background:linear-gradient(to right,#00152E,transparent);\n}\n.ticker-wrap::after{\n right:0;\n background:linear-gradient(to left,#00152E,transparent);\n}\n.ticker-label{\n position:absolute;\n left:0;top:50%;\n transform:translateY(-50%);\n background:#008ED6;\n color:#FFFFFF;\n font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;\n font-size:.65rem;\n font-weight:700;\n letter-spacing:.12em;\n text-transform:uppercase;\n padding:.35rem .75rem;\n z-index:3;\n white-space:nowrap;\n}\n.ticker-track{\n display:flex;\n align-items:center;\n gap:0;\n width:max-content;\n animation:ticker-scroll 40s linear infinite;\n padding-left:160px;\n}\n.ticker-track:hover{animation-play-state:paused;}\n.ticker-item{\n display:inline-flex;\n align-items:center;\n gap:.5rem;\n white-space:nowrap;\n padding:0 1.5rem;\n font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;\n font-size:.78rem;\n font-weight:500;\n color:rgba(255,255,255,.75);\n transition:color .2s;\n text-decoration:none;\n}\n.ticker-item:hover{color:#3DB4F0;}\n.ticker-item::before{\n content:'';\n display:inline-block;\n width:4px;height:4px;\n border-radius:50%;\n background:#008ED6;\n flex-shrink:0;\n}\n@keyframes ticker-scroll{\n 0%{transform:translateX(0);}\n 100%{transform:translateX(-50%);}\n}\n@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\n .ticker-track{animation:none;overflow-x:auto;}\n}\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 HERO CENTERING \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.hero__inner{\n justify-items:center;\n text-align:center;\n}\n.hero__inner > div{\n display:flex;\n flex-direction:column;\n align-items:center;\n text-align:center;\n max-width:780px;\n margin:0 auto;\n}\n.hero__desc{\n max-width:640px;\n margin-left:auto;\n margin-right:auto;\n}\n.hero__btns{\n justify-content:center;\n}\n\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Visually hidden elements \u2014 explicit colors for accessibility checkers \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.sr-only,\n.visually-hidden {\n color: #1C2430 !important;\n background-color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Screen-reader-only toggle label \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.fnav-toggle__label {\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Skip link always has explicit colors \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.skip-link {\n background-color: #00659E !important;\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Breadcrumb: sit flush below global header \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\nbody {\n padding-top: 65px !important;\n background-color: #002147 !important;\n}\n.breadcrumb {\n margin-top: 0 !important;\n 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center;\n justify-content: center;\n flex-shrink: 0;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__logo-mark span {\n font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n font-weight: 900;\n font-size: 1.05rem;\n color: #002147;\n letter-spacing: -.03em;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__logo-text { line-height: 1.15; }\n.jsu-global-nav__logo-text strong {\n display: block;\n font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n font-weight: 800;\n font-size: .88rem;\n color: #FFFFFF;\n letter-spacing: .01em;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__logo-text span {\n font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n font-size: .62rem;\n font-weight: 500;\n letter-spacing: .14em;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n color: #3DB4F0;\n}\n\n.jsu-global-nav__menu {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: 0;\n list-style: none;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li {\n position: relative;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li > a,\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li > button {\n display: flex;\n align-items: center;\n gap: .3rem;\n font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n font-size: .82rem;\n font-weight: 600;\n color: rgba(255,255,255,.85);\n text-decoration: none;\n padding: .55rem .75rem;\n border-radius: 6px;\n background: none;\n border: none;\n cursor: pointer;\n transition: color .15s, background .15s;\n white-space: nowrap;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li > a:hover,\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li > button:hover {\n color: #FFFFFF;\n background: rgba(255,255,255,.08);\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li > a::after,\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li > button.has-sub::after {\n content: '';\n display: inline-block;\n width: 0; height: 0;\n border-left: 4px solid transparent;\n border-right: 4px solid transparent;\n border-top: 4px solid currentColor;\n opacity: .6;\n margin-left: .2rem;\n transition: transform .2s;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li:hover > button.has-sub::after,\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li:focus-within > button.has-sub::after {\n transform: rotate(180deg);\n}\n\n\/* Dropdowns *\/\n.jsu-global-nav__dropdown {\n position: absolute;\n top: calc(100% + 4px);\n left: 0;\n min-width: 220px;\n background: #001736;\n border: 1px solid rgba(0,142,214,.25);\n border-radius: 8px;\n box-shadow: 0 8px 32px rgba(0,0,0,.4);\n padding: .5rem 0;\n opacity: 0;\n visibility: hidden;\n transform: translateY(-8px);\n transition: opacity .2s, visibility .2s, transform .2s;\n z-index: 100;\n list-style: none;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li:hover .jsu-global-nav__dropdown,\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li:focus-within .jsu-global-nav__dropdown {\n opacity: 1;\n visibility: visible;\n transform: translateY(0);\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__dropdown a {\n display: block;\n padding: .5rem 1.1rem;\n font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n font-size: .82rem;\n font-weight: 500;\n color: rgba(255,255,255,.8);\n text-decoration: none;\n transition: color .15s, background .15s;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__dropdown a:hover {\n color: #FFFFFF;\n background: rgba(0,142,214,.15);\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__dropdown .drop-group-label {\n display: block;\n padding: .65rem 1.1rem .25rem;\n font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n font-size: .65rem;\n font-weight: 700;\n letter-spacing: .12em;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n color: #3DB4F0;\n border-top: 1px solid rgba(0,142,214,.2);\n margin-top: .35rem;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__dropdown .drop-group-label:first-child {\n border-top: none;\n margin-top: 0;\n}\n\n\/* Mobile menu toggle *\/\n.jsu-global-nav__mob-btn {\n display: none;\n background: none;\n border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.3);\n border-radius: 6px;\n color: #FFFFFF;\n padding: .45rem .65rem;\n cursor: pointer;\n font-size: 1.15rem;\n line-height: 1;\n transition: background .15s;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__mob-btn:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,.1); }\n\n\/* Page body offset for fixed nav *\/\nbody { padding-top: 0 !important; }\n.breadcrumb {\n margin-top: 54px !important; }\n.admin-bar .breadcrumb {\n margin-top: 46px !important; }\n#main-content { scroll-margin-top: 104px !important; }\n\n\/* Sections scroll past nav *\/\n[id] { scroll-margin-top: 104px; }\n\n@media(max-width: 1024px) {\n 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grid-template-columns: repeat(auto-fit, minmax(280px, 1fr));\n gap: 1.5rem;\n}\n.card {\n position: relative;\n overflow: hidden;\n display: flex;\n flex-direction: column;\n transition: border-color .25s ease, box-shadow .25s ease, transform .25s ease !important;\n}\n.card::before {\n content: \"\";\n position: absolute;\n top: 0; left: 0; right: 0;\n height: 4px;\n background: linear-gradient(90deg, #00629A 0%, #008ED6 100%);\n opacity: .9;\n}\n.card:hover {\n border-color: #008ED6 !important;\n box-shadow: 0 8px 28px rgba(0, 33, 71, .10) !important;\n transform: translateY(-3px);\n}\na.card { text-decoration: none; color: inherit; }\n.card__body { padding: 1.85rem 1.65rem 1.65rem; flex: 1; }\n.card__eyebrow {\n font-family: 'Sora', sans-serif;\n font-size: .68rem;\n font-weight: 700;\n letter-spacing: .14em;\n text-transform: uppercase;\n margin-bottom: .75rem;\n display: block;\n color: #00629A;\n}\n.card__title {\n font-family: 'Sora', sans-serif;\n font-size: 1.35rem;\n 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color: #6DC8F5;\n margin-bottom: .55rem;\n}\n.feature-callout__title {\n font-family: 'Sora', sans-serif;\n font-weight: 700;\n font-size: 1.5rem;\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n margin: 0 0 .65rem;\n}\n.feature-callout__text {\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif;\n font-size: 1.02rem;\n line-height: 1.55;\n color: #FFFFFF !important;\n margin: 0;\n}\n.feature-callout .btn--primary { white-space: nowrap; }\n\n\/* Mission block \u2014 reused *\/\n.mission-block {\n background: #F3F7FB;\n border-left: 4px solid #00629A;\n padding: 1.85rem 2rem;\n border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;\n}\n.mission-block p {\n font-family: 'Crimson Pro', Georgia, serif;\n font-size: 1.05rem;\n line-height: 1.75;\n color: #1C2430;\n margin: 0 0 1.1rem;\n}\n.mission-block p:last-child { margin-bottom: 0; }\n\n@media (max-width: 720px) {\n .cards-grid { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 1rem; }\n .card__body { padding: 1.5rem 1.35rem 1.35rem; }\n .card__title { font-size: 1.2rem; }\n .feature-callout { grid-template-columns: 1fr; gap: 1.25rem; padding: 1.5rem 1.5rem; }\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<a href=\"#main-content\" class=\"skip-link\">Skip to main content<\/a>\n\n<nav class=\"breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n<div class=\"w\"><ol class=\"breadcrumb__list\">\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/\">JSU Home<\/a><\/li>\n <li><a href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/business\">College of Business<\/a><\/li>\n <li><span aria-current=\"page\">GBEP Journal<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n<\/nav>\n\n<main id=\"main-content\" class=\"jsu-main-content\">\n\n <!-- HERO -->\n <section class=\"hero dk\" aria-labelledby=\"hero-h\">\n <div class=\"w\"><div class=\"hero__inner\"><div>\n <span class=\"hero__tag\">JSU College of Business \u00b7 Academic Journal<\/span>\n <h1 class=\"hero__title\" id=\"hero-h\">\n Global Business and Economic <em>Perspectives<\/em>\n <\/h1>\n <p class=\"hero__desc\">\n A <strong>peer-reviewed, open-access semi-annual academic journal<\/strong> covering the\n broad spectrum of business and economic activities. Manuscripts welcome from academia\n and professionals.\n <\/p>\n <div class=\"hero__btns\">\n <a href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/gbep-call-for-papers\/\" class=\"btn btn--primary\">Call for Papers<\/a>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/manuscript-requirements\/\" class=\"btn btn--outline-white\" aria-label=\"Manuscript Requirements \u2014 submission guidelines for GBEP\">Manuscript Requirements<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <!-- ABOUT \/ WELCOME -->\n <section class=\"sec\" id=\"about\" aria-labelledby=\"about-h\">\n <div class=\"w\">\n <div class=\"about-grid\">\n <div class=\"about-body\">\n <span class=\"sec-eyebrow\">Welcome to GBEP<\/span>\n <h2 class=\"sec-title\" id=\"about-h\">A meaningful dialogue in business research<\/h2>\n <p>\n Global Business and Economic Perspectives (<strong>GBEP<\/strong>) invites\n manuscripts for publication from academia and professionals. GBEP is a\n <strong>semi-annual, peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal<\/strong>\n published in the United States of America. The journal seeks manuscripts for\n publication which cover the broad spectrum of business and economic activities\n and appeal to more than a single business discipline.\n <\/p>\n <p>\n This journal aims to foster <strong>meaningful dialogue between scholars,\n practitioners, and thought leaders<\/strong> in the field of business. Our goal is\n to publish cutting-edge research, thought-provoking articles, and practical\n solutions that will shape the future of business practice and education. Authors\n are encouraged to give special attention to communicating across a wide range of\n interest and specializations. <strong>Clarity of expression is preferred over\n extensive professional jargon.<\/strong>\n <\/p>\n <p>\n We invite you to join us on this journey of discovery, innovation, and\n collaboration as we explore the most pressing issues and opportunities in business\n today. We look forward to your contributions and continued support in making this\n journal a valuable resource for our global community.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"about-facts\">\n <dl>\n <div><dt>Journal<\/dt><dd>Global Business and Economic Perspectives<\/dd><\/div>\n <div><dt>Acronym<\/dt><dd>GBEP<\/dd><\/div>\n <div><dt>Sponsor<\/dt><dd><a href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/business\">JSU College of Business<\/a><\/dd><\/div>\n <div><dt>Frequency<\/dt><dd>Semi-annual<\/dd><\/div>\n <div><dt>Review<\/dt><dd>Peer-reviewed<\/dd><\/div>\n <div><dt>Access<\/dt><dd>Open access<\/dd><\/div>\n <div><dt>Published In<\/dt><dd>United States of America<\/dd><\/div>\n <div><dt>Submissions<\/dt><dd><a href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/manuscript-requirements\/\">Manuscript Requirements<\/a><\/dd><\/div>\n <\/dl>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <!-- CALL FOR PAPERS -->\n <section class=\"sec sec--off\" id=\"cfp\" aria-labelledby=\"cfp-h\">\n <div class=\"w\">\n <div class=\"sec-head\">\n <span class=\"sec-eyebrow\">Submissions Open<\/span>\n <h2 class=\"sec-title\" id=\"cfp-h\">Call for Papers<\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"feature-callout\">\n <div>\n <div class=\"feature-callout__eyebrow\">Now Accepting<\/div>\n <h3 class=\"feature-callout__title\">Submit your manuscript to GBEP<\/h3>\n <p class=\"feature-callout__text\">\n GBEP invites manuscripts from <strong>academia and professionals<\/strong> covering\n the broad spectrum of business and economic activities. Review the call for papers\n for current themes, timelines, and submission details.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/gbep-call-for-papers\/\" class=\"btn btn--primary\" aria-label=\"View Call for Papers \u2014 GBEP submission details\">View Call for Papers<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <!-- JOURNAL CHARACTERISTICS -->\n <section class=\"sec\" id=\"characteristics\" aria-labelledby=\"characteristics-h\">\n <div class=\"w\">\n <div class=\"sec-head\">\n <span class=\"sec-eyebrow\">Journal Characteristics<\/span>\n <h2 class=\"sec-title\" id=\"characteristics-h\">What makes GBEP distinctive<\/h2>\n <p class=\"sec-body\">\n Five attributes that define how the Global Business and Economic Perspectives\n journal operates and serves the global business research community.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"req-numbered-list\">\n <div class=\"req-numbered-item\">\n <div class=\"req-numbered-item__num\" aria-hidden=\"true\">1<\/div>\n <div>\n <p class=\"req-numbered-item__name\">Semi-annual<\/p>\n <p class=\"req-numbered-item__text\">Published twice per year \u2014 consistent publication cadence ensuring timely dissemination of research.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"req-numbered-item\">\n <div class=\"req-numbered-item__num\" aria-hidden=\"true\">2<\/div>\n <div>\n <p class=\"req-numbered-item__name\">Peer-Reviewed<\/p>\n <p class=\"req-numbered-item__text\">All submissions undergo rigorous peer review by qualified scholars in the field of business and economics.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"req-numbered-item\">\n <div class=\"req-numbered-item__num\" aria-hidden=\"true\">3<\/div>\n <div>\n <p class=\"req-numbered-item__name\">Open Access<\/p>\n <p class=\"req-numbered-item__text\">Open-access publication \u2014 research freely available to scholars, practitioners, and the broader community without subscription barriers.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"req-numbered-item\">\n <div class=\"req-numbered-item__num\" aria-hidden=\"true\">4<\/div>\n <div>\n <p class=\"req-numbered-item__name\">US Published<\/p>\n <p class=\"req-numbered-item__text\">Published in the United States of America by the Jackson State University College of Business.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"req-numbered-item\">\n <div class=\"req-numbered-item__num\" aria-hidden=\"true\">5<\/div>\n <div>\n <p class=\"req-numbered-item__name\">Multidisciplinary<\/p>\n <p class=\"req-numbered-item__text\">Manuscripts span the broad spectrum of business and economic activities, appealing to more than a single business discipline.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <!-- FOR AUTHORS -->\n <section class=\"sec sec--off\" id=\"for-authors\" aria-labelledby=\"for-authors-h\">\n <div class=\"w\">\n <div class=\"sec-head\">\n <span class=\"sec-eyebrow\">For Authors<\/span>\n <h2 class=\"sec-title\" id=\"for-authors-h\">Submitting to GBEP<\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"mission-block\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"for-authors-h\">\n <p>\n GBEP seeks <strong>cutting-edge research, thought-provoking articles, and practical\n solutions<\/strong> that will shape the future of business practice and education.\n Authors are encouraged to give special attention to communicating across a wide\n range of interest and specializations.\n <\/p>\n <p>\n <strong>Clarity of expression is preferred over extensive professional jargon.<\/strong>\n Review the manuscript requirements for formatting, length, citation style, and other\n submission guidelines before preparing your submission.\n <\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div style=\"margin-top:1.75rem;\">\n <a href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/manuscript-requirements\/\" class=\"btn btn--primary\" aria-label=\"Manuscript Requirements \u2014 full submission guidelines\">Manuscript Requirements<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <!-- JOURNAL PAGES \/ RESOURCES -->\n <section class=\"sec\" id=\"pages\" aria-labelledby=\"pages-h\">\n <div class=\"w\">\n <div class=\"sec-head\">\n <span class=\"sec-eyebrow\">Journal Pages<\/span>\n <h2 class=\"sec-title\" id=\"pages-h\">Explore GBEP<\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"cards-grid\">\n\n <a class=\"card card--action\" href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/gbep-call-for-papers\/\">\n <div class=\"card__body\">\n <div class=\"card__eyebrow\">Submissions<\/div>\n <div class=\"card__title\">Call for Papers<\/div>\n <div class=\"card__text\">Current call for papers with themes, submission timelines, and editorial focus areas.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/a>\n\n <a class=\"card card--action\" href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/editorial-board-2\/\">\n <div class=\"card__body\">\n <div class=\"card__eyebrow\">Leadership<\/div>\n <div class=\"card__title\">Editorial Board<\/div>\n <div class=\"card__text\">Editorial board members \u2014 the scholars and practitioners who guide GBEP's peer-review and editorial direction.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/a>\n\n <a class=\"card card--action\" href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/manuscript-requirements\/\">\n <div class=\"card__body\">\n <div class=\"card__eyebrow\">Guidelines<\/div>\n <div class=\"card__title\">Manuscript Requirements<\/div>\n <div class=\"card__text\">Formatting, length, citation style, and other submission guidelines for prospective authors.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/a>\n\n <a class=\"card card--action\" href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/previous-issues-2\/\">\n <div class=\"card__body\">\n <div class=\"card__eyebrow\">Archive<\/div>\n <div class=\"card__title\">Previous Issues<\/div>\n <div class=\"card__text\">Archive of previous GBEP issues \u2014 published articles from past volumes.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/a>\n\n <a class=\"card card--action\" href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/Contact\">\n <div class=\"card__body\">\n <div class=\"card__eyebrow\">Get in Touch<\/div>\n <div class=\"card__title\">Contact GBEP<\/div>\n <div class=\"card__text\">Reach out to the GBEP editorial team with questions about submissions, the editorial process, or the journal.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/a>\n\n <a class=\"card card--action\" href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/business\">\n <div class=\"card__body\">\n <div class=\"card__eyebrow\">Sponsor<\/div>\n <div class=\"card__title\">JSU College of Business<\/div>\n <div class=\"card__text\">The College of Business at Jackson State University \u2014 official sponsor of the GBEP journal.<\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/a>\n\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <!-- CTA BAND -->\n <section class=\"cta-band dk\" aria-labelledby=\"cta-h\">\n <div class=\"w\"><div class=\"cta-band__inner\">\n <div>\n <h2 class=\"cta-band__title\" id=\"cta-h\">Submit your business research<\/h2>\n <p class=\"cta-band__sub\">Scholars and practitioners are invited to contribute manuscripts that advance business practice and education.<\/p>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"cta-band__btns\">\n <a href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/gbep-call-for-papers\/\" class=\"btn btn--primary\">View Call for Papers<\/a>\n <a href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gber\/Contact\" class=\"btn btn--outline-white\" aria-label=\"Contact GBEP \u2014 editorial team contact form\">Contact GBEP<\/a>\n <\/div>\n <\/div><\/div>\n <\/section>\n\n <!-- CONTACT \/ SPONSOR -->\n <section class=\"sec sec--surface\" id=\"contact\" aria-labelledby=\"contact-h\">\n <div class=\"w\">\n <div class=\"sec-head\" style=\"margin-bottom:1.5rem;\">\n <span class=\"sec-eyebrow\">Sponsorship & Contact<\/span>\n <h2 class=\"sec-title\" id=\"contact-h\">Connect with GBEP<\/h2>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"contact-items\">\n <div class=\"contact-item\">\n <div class=\"contact-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83c\udfeb<\/div>\n <div>\n <div class=\"contact-item__label\">Official Sponsor<\/div>\n <div class=\"contact-item__val\"><a href=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/business\">JSU College of Business<\/a><\/div>\n <\/div>\n <\/div>\n <div class=\"contact-item\">\n <div class=\"contact-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\ud83d\udcda<\/div>\n 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