{"id":820,"date":"2026-08-17T18:29:34","date_gmt":"2026-08-17T18:29:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gtec\/?page_id=820"},"modified":"2026-08-17T18:30:12","modified_gmt":"2026-08-17T18:30:12","slug":"dr-daniel-hale-williams","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/jsums.org\/gtec\/dr-daniel-hale-williams\/","title":{"rendered":"Who Was Dr. Daniel Hale Williams?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"820\" class=\"elementor elementor-820\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-12904aa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"12904aa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-605199e elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"605199e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<!DOCTYPE html>\n<html lang=\"en\">\n<head>\n<meta charset=\"UTF-8\">\n<meta name=\"viewport\" content=\"width=device-width,initial-scale=1.0\">\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Who was Dr. Daniel Hale Williams? The first African American cardiologist, pioneer of open-heart surgery, and founder of Provident Hospital &mdash; the namesake of the JHS GTEC Scholars Program at Jackson State University.\">\n<title>Who Was Dr. Daniel Hale Williams? &middot; Jackson State University<\/title>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\/dr-daniel-hale-williams\/\">\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\">\n<link rel=\"preconnect\" href=\"https:\/\/fonts.gstatic.com\" crossorigin>\n<link href=\"https:\/\/fonts.googleapis.com\/css2?family=Sora:wght@300;400;500;600;700;800&family=Crimson+Pro:ital,wght@0,400;0,600;0,700;1,400;1,600&display=swap\" rel=\"stylesheet\">\n<style>\n*,*::before,*::after{margin:0;padding:0;box-sizing:border-box;}html{scroll-behavior:smooth;}\nbody{font-family:'Crimson 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#5BAADC;outline-offset:3px;}\n.sr-only{position:absolute;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);white-space:nowrap;border:0;color:#1C2430;background:#FFFFFF;}\n.resource-list{display:grid;gap:.75rem;}\n.resource-item{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:1rem;padding:1rem 1.25rem;background:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #C2D4E6;border-radius:8px;transition:border-color .2s;}\n.resource-item:hover{border-color:#008ED6;}\n.resource-icon{font-size:1.5rem;flex-shrink:0;}\n.resource-item__name{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-weight:600;font-size:.92rem;color:#002147;}\n.resource-item__desc{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:.9rem;color:#636B78;}\n.resource-item__link{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:.8rem;font-weight:600;color:#00629A;text-decoration:underline;margin-left:auto;white-space:nowrap;flex-shrink:0;}\n@media(max-width:900px){.about-grid,.contact-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;}.footer__grid{grid-template-columns:1fr 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\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   ELEMENTOR CONTAINMENT RESETS\n   Prevents Elementor wrapper styles from bleeding into our\n   custom HTML content blocks.\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n\n\/* Zero out all padding\/margin\/gap\/background on every Elementor wrapper *\/\n.elementor-widget-container,\n.elementor-widget-wrap,\n.elementor-widget-wrap > .elementor-element,\n.elementor-section .elementor-container,\n.elementor-section .elementor-row,\n.e-con,\n.e-con-inner,\n.e-child,\n.e-con > .e-con-inner {\n    padding: 0 !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n    gap: 0 !important;\n    background: transparent !important;\n    background-color: transparent !important;\n    background-image: none !important;\n    border: none !important;\n    box-shadow: none !important;\n    max-width: none !important;\n    width: 100% !important;\n}\n\n\/* Section-level Elementor wrappers *\/\n.elementor-section,\n.elementor-top-section,\n.elementor-inner-section {\n    padding: 0 !important;\n    margin: 0 !important;\n    background: transparent !important;\n    background-color: transparent !important;\n    background-image: none !important;\n}\n\n\/* Strip Elementor heading color overrides *\/\n.elementor-widget-container h1,\n.elementor-widget-container h2,\n.elementor-widget-container h3,\n.elementor-widget-container h4,\n.elementor-widget-container h5,\n.elementor-widget-container p,\n.elementor-widget-container a {\n    color: inherit !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Dark section hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\n   .hero and .cta-band.dk MUST stay dark regardless of\n   Elementor theme color injection.\n\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.hero,\n.hero * {\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.hero__inner {\n    justify-items: center !important;\n    text-align: center !important;\n}\n.hero__inner > div {\n    display: flex !important;\n    flex-direction: column !important;\n    align-items: center !important;\n    text-align: center !important;\n    max-width: 780px !important;\n    margin: 0 auto !important;\n}\n.hero__btns {\n    justify-content: center !important;\n}\n.hero__desc {\n    max-width: 640px !important;\n    margin-left: auto !important;\n    margin-right: auto !important;\n}\n.hero__tag {\n    display: inline-block !important;\n}\n.hero {\n    background-color: #00152E !important;\n    background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, #00152E 0%, #002147 60%, #003366 100%) !important;\n    position: relative !important;\n}\n.cta-band.dk {\n    background-color: #002147 !important;\n    background-image: linear-gradient(135deg, #00152E 0%, #002147 100%) !important;\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.cta-band.dk * {\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.cta-band.dk .btn--primary {\n    background-color: #00659E !important;\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.cta-band.dk .btn--outline-white {\n    border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.6) !important;\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Section background hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.sec {\n    background-color: #FFFFFF !important;\n    color: #1C2430 !important;\n}\n.sec--off {\n    background-color: #F3F7FB !important;\n    color: #1C2430 !important;\n}\n.sec--surface {\n    background-color: #E6EEF6 !important;\n    color: #1C2430 !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Text color hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.sec .sec-title,\n.sec .sec-eyebrow,\n.sec h2,\n.sec h3 {\n    color: #002147;\n}\n.sec p,\n.sec li,\n.sec dd,\n.sec dt {\n    color: #4A5060;\n}\n.sec a {\n    color: #00629A;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 About section hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.about-facts {\n    background: #E6EEF6 !important;\n    border-radius: 8px !important;\n    padding: clamp(1.5rem, 3vw, 2.5rem) !important;\n}\n.about-facts__title {\n    color: #00629A !important;\n    font-weight: 700 !important;\n}\n.about-facts dl dt {\n    color: #636B78 !important;\n    text-transform: uppercase !important;\n    font-size: .72rem !important;\n    letter-spacing: .08em !important;\n    font-weight: 700 !important;\n}\n.about-facts dl dd {\n    color: #1C2430 !important;\n    font-size: .97rem !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Card hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.card {\n    background: #FFFFFF !important;\n    border: 1px solid #C2D4E6 !important;\n    border-radius: 8px !important;\n}\n.card__eyebrow { color: #00629A !important; }\n.card__title   { color: #002147 !important; }\n.card__text    { color: #4A5060 !important; }\n.card__link    { color: #00629A !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Faculty card hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.faculty-card {\n    background: #FFFFFF !important;\n    border: 1px solid #C2D4E6 !important;\n    border-radius: 8px !important;\n}\n.faculty-card__name  { color: #002147 !important; }\n.faculty-card__title { color: #636B78 !important; }\n.faculty-card__contact, \n.faculty-card__contact a { color: #00629A !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Resource list hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.resource-item {\n    background: #FFFFFF !important;\n    border: 1px solid #C2D4E6 !important;\n    border-bottom-color: #C2D4E6 !important;\n}\n.resource-item__name { color: #002147 !important; }\n.resource-item__desc { color: #4A5060 !important; }\n.resource-item__link { color: #00629A !important; border-color: #00629A !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Program card hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.program-card {\n    background: #FFFFFF !important;\n    border: 1px solid #C2D4E6 !important;\n    border-radius: 8px !important;\n    color: #1C2430 !important;\n}\n.program-card__name  { color: #002147 !important; }\n.program-card__level { color: #636B78 !important; }\n.program-card__dot   { background: #008ED6 !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Tab hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.tabs__btn {\n    background: transparent !important;\n    color: #002147 !important;\n    border-color: #C2D4E6 !important;\n}\n.tabs__btn[aria-selected=\"true\"] {\n    background: #002147 !important;\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n    border-color: #002147 !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Accordion hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.accordion__trigger {\n    background: #FFFFFF !important;\n    color: #002147 !important;\n    border-color: #C2D4E6 !important;\n}\n.accordion__trigger[aria-expanded=\"true\"] {\n    background: #002147 !important;\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.accordion__body { \n    background: #FFFFFF !important; \n    color: #4A5060 !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Nav drawer hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.fnav-drawer {\n    background: #002147 !important;\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.fnav-drawer__header {\n    background: #00152E !important;\n    border-bottom-color: rgba(0,142,214,0.3) !important;\n}\n.fnav-drawer__title { color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n.fnav-drawer__eyebrow { color: #3DB4F0 !important; }\n.fnav-item { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.85) !important; }\n.fnav-item.is-active,\n.fnav-item:hover { color: #FFFFFF !important; background: rgba(0,142,214,0.2) !important; }\n.fnav-group__label { color: #3DB4F0 !important; }\n.fnav-drawer__footer { color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n.fnav-footer-link { color: #FFFFFF !important; text-decoration: none; }\n.fnav-footer-link:hover { color: #3DB4F0 !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Hero text hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.hero__tag     { color: #3DB4F0 !important; }\n.hero__title   { color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n.hero__desc    { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.85) !important; }\n.hero__btns .btn--primary       { background-color: #00659E !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n.hero__btns .btn--outline-white { border-color: rgba(255,255,255,0.6) !important; color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Breadcrumb hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.breadcrumb { background: #002147 !important; }\n.breadcrumb a, .breadcrumb span { color: rgba(255,255,255,0.75) !important; }\n.breadcrumb [aria-current=\"page\"] { color: #FFFFFF !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Contact section hardening \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.contact-items { color: #1C2430 !important; }\n.contact-item__label { color: #636B78 !important; }\n.contact-item__val   { color: #1C2430 !important; }\n.contact-item__val a { color: #00629A !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Skip link \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.skip-link:focus {\n    background: #008ED6 !important;\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 BTT button \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.jsu-btt {\n    background: #00659E !important;\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Menu toggle \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.fnav-toggle {\n    background: #002147 !important;\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n.fnav-toggle:hover { background: #007ABB !important; }\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 WCAG: Ensure minimum contrast on all body text \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\nbody { \n    background-color: #FFFFFF !important; \n    color: #1C2430 !important;\n}\n\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 TICKER STRIP \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.ticker-wrap{\n    background:#00152E;\n    border-top:1px solid rgba(0,142,214,.25);\n    border-bottom:1px solid rgba(0,142,214,.25);\n    overflow:hidden;\n    padding:.55rem 0;\n    position:relative;\n}\n.ticker-wrap::before,\n.ticker-wrap::after{\n    content:'';\n    position:absolute;\n    top:0;bottom:0;\n    width:80px;\n    z-index:2;\n    pointer-events:none;\n}\n.ticker-wrap::before{\n    left:0;\n    background:linear-gradient(to right,#00152E,transparent);\n}\n.ticker-wrap::after{\n    right:0;\n    background:linear-gradient(to left,#00152E,transparent);\n}\n.ticker-label{\n    position:absolute;\n    left:0;top:50%;\n    transform:translateY(-50%);\n    background:#008ED6;\n    color:#FFFFFF;\n    font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;\n    font-size:.65rem;\n    font-weight:700;\n    letter-spacing:.12em;\n    text-transform:uppercase;\n    padding:.35rem .75rem;\n    z-index:3;\n    white-space:nowrap;\n}\n.ticker-track{\n    display:flex;\n    align-items:center;\n    gap:0;\n    width:max-content;\n    animation:ticker-scroll 40s linear infinite;\n    padding-left:160px;\n}\n.ticker-track:hover{animation-play-state:paused;}\n.ticker-item{\n    display:inline-flex;\n    align-items:center;\n    gap:.5rem;\n    white-space:nowrap;\n    padding:0 1.5rem;\n    font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;\n    font-size:.78rem;\n    font-weight:500;\n    color:rgba(255,255,255,.75);\n    transition:color .2s;\n    text-decoration:none;\n}\n.ticker-item:hover{color:#3DB4F0;}\n.ticker-item::before{\n    content:'';\n    display:inline-block;\n    width:4px;height:4px;\n    border-radius:50%;\n    background:#008ED6;\n    flex-shrink:0;\n}\n@keyframes ticker-scroll{\n    0%{transform:translateX(0);}\n    100%{transform:translateX(-50%);}\n}\n@media(prefers-reduced-motion:reduce){\n    .ticker-track{animation:none;overflow-x:auto;}\n}\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 HERO CENTERING \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.hero__inner{\n    justify-items:center;\n    text-align:center;\n}\n.hero__inner > div{\n    display:flex;\n    flex-direction:column;\n    align-items:center;\n    text-align:center;\n    max-width:780px;\n    margin:0 auto;\n}\n.hero__desc{\n    max-width:640px;\n    margin-left:auto;\n    margin-right:auto;\n}\n.hero__btns{\n    justify-content:center;\n}\n\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Visually hidden elements \u2014 explicit colors for accessibility checkers \u2500\u2500 *\/\n.sr-only,\n.visually-hidden {\n    color: #1C2430 !important;\n    background-color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Screen-reader-only toggle label \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.fnav-toggle__label {\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Skip link always has explicit colors \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.skip-link {\n    background-color: #00659E !important;\n    color: #FFFFFF !important;\n}\n\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Breadcrumb: sit flush below global header \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\nbody {\n    padding-top: 65px !important;\n    background-color: #002147 !important;\n}\n.breadcrumb {\n    margin-top: 0 !important;\n    scroll-margin-top: 65px !important;\n}\n#main-content {\n    scroll-margin-top: 65px !important;\n}\n.admin-bar body { padding-top: 97px !important; }\n.admin-bar .breadcrumb { scroll-margin-top: 97px !important; }\n\/* \u2500\u2500 Hero: full viewport height \u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500\u2500 *\/\n.hero {\n    min-height: 100vh !important;\n    height: 100vh !important;\n    display: flex !important;\n    align-items: center !important;\n    justify-content: center !important;\n    padding: 0 !important;\n    position: relative !important;\n}\n.hero__inner {\n    justify-items: center !important;\n    text-align: center !important;\n    padding: clamp(2rem, 4vh, 5rem) 0 !important;\n    width: 100% !important;\n}\n\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\n   JSU GLOBAL NAVIGATION \u2014 matches jsums.edu exactly\n\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.jsu-global-nav {\n    position: fixed;\n    top: 0; left: 0; right: 0;\n    z-index: 1000;\n    background: #002147;\n    box-shadow: 0 2px 16px rgba(0,0,0,.35);\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__top {\n    background: #00152E;\n    padding: .3rem 0;\n    border-bottom: 1px solid rgba(0,142,214,.2);\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__top-inner {\n    max-width: 1340px;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    padding: 0 clamp(1.25rem,4vw,3rem);\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: space-between;\n    gap: 1rem;\n    flex-wrap: wrap;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__util-links {\n    display: flex;\n    flex-wrap: wrap;\n    gap: .15rem .75rem;\n    list-style: none;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__util-links a {\n    font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n    font-size: .68rem;\n    font-weight: 500;\n    color: rgba(255,255,255,.65);\n    text-decoration: none;\n    letter-spacing: .02em;\n    transition: color .15s;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__util-links a:hover { color: #3DB4F0; }\n.jsu-global-nav__ctas {\n    display: flex;\n    gap: .4rem;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__cta {\n    font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n    font-size: .72rem;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    letter-spacing: .05em;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    padding: .3rem .85rem;\n    border-radius: 4px;\n    transition: background .15s, color .15s;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__cta--apply {\n    background: #00659E;\n    color: #FFFFFF;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__cta--apply:hover { background: #007ABB; }\n.jsu-global-nav__cta--visit {\n    background: transparent;\n    color: rgba(255,255,255,.8);\n    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.3);\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__cta--visit:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,.08); color: #FFFFFF; }\n.jsu-global-nav__cta--give {\n    background: #3DB4F0;\n    color: #002147;\n    font-weight: 800;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__cta--give:hover { background: #6DC8F5; }\n\n.jsu-global-nav__main {\n    max-width: 1340px;\n    margin: 0 auto;\n    padding: 0 clamp(1.25rem,4vw,3rem);\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: space-between;\n    height: 64px;\n    gap: 1.5rem;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__logo {\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    gap: .65rem;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    flex-shrink: 0;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__logo-mark {\n    width: 44px;\n    height: 44px;\n    border-radius: 6px;\n    background: #FFFFFF;\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: center;\n    flex-shrink: 0;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__logo-mark span {\n    font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n    font-weight: 900;\n    font-size: 1.05rem;\n    color: #002147;\n    letter-spacing: -.03em;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__logo-text { line-height: 1.15; }\n.jsu-global-nav__logo-text strong {\n    display: block;\n    font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n    font-weight: 800;\n    font-size: .88rem;\n    color: #FFFFFF;\n    letter-spacing: .01em;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__logo-text span {\n    font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n    font-size: .62rem;\n    font-weight: 500;\n    letter-spacing: .14em;\n    text-transform: uppercase;\n    color: #3DB4F0;\n}\n\n.jsu-global-nav__menu {\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    gap: 0;\n    list-style: none;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li {\n    position: relative;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li > a,\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li > button {\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    gap: .3rem;\n    font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n    font-size: .82rem;\n    font-weight: 600;\n    color: rgba(255,255,255,.85);\n    text-decoration: none;\n    padding: .55rem .75rem;\n    border-radius: 6px;\n    background: none;\n    border: none;\n    cursor: pointer;\n    transition: color .15s, background .15s;\n    white-space: nowrap;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li > a:hover,\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li > button:hover {\n    color: #FFFFFF;\n    background: rgba(255,255,255,.08);\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li > a::after,\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li > button.has-sub::after {\n    content: '';\n    display: inline-block;\n    width: 0; height: 0;\n    border-left: 4px solid transparent;\n    border-right: 4px solid transparent;\n    border-top: 4px solid currentColor;\n    opacity: .6;\n    margin-left: .2rem;\n    transition: transform .2s;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li:hover > button.has-sub::after,\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li:focus-within > button.has-sub::after {\n    transform: rotate(180deg);\n}\n\n\/* Dropdowns *\/\n.jsu-global-nav__dropdown {\n    position: absolute;\n    top: calc(100% + 4px);\n    left: 0;\n    min-width: 220px;\n    background: #001736;\n    border: 1px solid rgba(0,142,214,.25);\n    border-radius: 8px;\n    box-shadow: 0 8px 32px rgba(0,0,0,.4);\n    padding: .5rem 0;\n    opacity: 0;\n    visibility: hidden;\n    transform: translateY(-8px);\n    transition: opacity .2s, visibility .2s, transform .2s;\n    z-index: 100;\n    list-style: none;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li:hover .jsu-global-nav__dropdown,\n.jsu-global-nav__menu > li:focus-within .jsu-global-nav__dropdown {\n    opacity: 1;\n    visibility: visible;\n    transform: translateY(0);\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__dropdown a {\n    display: block;\n    padding: .5rem 1.1rem;\n    font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n    font-size: .82rem;\n    font-weight: 500;\n    color: rgba(255,255,255,.8);\n    text-decoration: none;\n    transition: color .15s, background .15s;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__dropdown a:hover {\n    color: #FFFFFF;\n    background: rgba(0,142,214,.15);\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__dropdown .drop-group-label {\n    display: block;\n    padding: .65rem 1.1rem .25rem;\n    font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n    font-size: .65rem;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    letter-spacing: .12em;\n    text-transform: uppercase;\n    color: #3DB4F0;\n    border-top: 1px solid rgba(0,142,214,.2);\n    margin-top: .35rem;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__dropdown .drop-group-label:first-child {\n    border-top: none;\n    margin-top: 0;\n}\n\n\/* Mobile menu toggle *\/\n.jsu-global-nav__mob-btn {\n    display: none;\n    background: none;\n    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.3);\n    border-radius: 6px;\n    color: #FFFFFF;\n    padding: .45rem .65rem;\n    cursor: pointer;\n    font-size: 1.15rem;\n    line-height: 1;\n    transition: background .15s;\n}\n.jsu-global-nav__mob-btn:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,.1); }\n\n\/* Page body offset for fixed nav *\/\nbody { padding-top: 0 !important; }\n.breadcrumb {\n    margin-top: 54px !important; }\n.admin-bar .breadcrumb {\n    margin-top: 46px !important; }\n#main-content { scroll-margin-top: 104px !important; }\n\n\/* Sections scroll past nav *\/\n[id] { scroll-margin-top: 104px; }\n\n@media(max-width: 1024px) {\n    .jsu-global-nav__menu { display: none; }\n    .jsu-global-nav__mob-btn { display: flex; align-items: center; justify-content: center; }\n}\n@media(max-width: 600px) {\n    .jsu-global-nav__logo-text { display: none; }\n}\n\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550 PDF \/ Document Inline Viewer \u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.doc-embed-wrap {\n    margin: 1.25rem 0;\n    border: 1px solid #C2D4E6;\n    border-radius: 10px;\n    overflow: hidden;\n    background: #F3F7FB;\n}\n.doc-embed-toolbar {\n    display: flex;\n    align-items: center;\n    justify-content: space-between;\n    padding: .6rem 1rem;\n    background: #002147;\n    gap: .75rem;\n    flex-wrap: wrap;\n}\n.doc-embed-toolbar__title {\n    font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n    font-size: .82rem;\n    font-weight: 600;\n    color: #FFFFFF;\n    flex: 1;\n    min-width: 0;\n    white-space: nowrap;\n    overflow: hidden;\n    text-overflow: ellipsis;\n}\n.doc-embed-toolbar__actions {\n    display: flex;\n    gap: .4rem;\n    flex-shrink: 0;\n}\n.doc-embed-toolbar__btn {\n    font-family: 'Sora',sans-serif;\n    font-size: .72rem;\n    font-weight: 700;\n    letter-spacing: .04em;\n    padding: .3rem .75rem;\n    border-radius: 5px;\n    text-decoration: none;\n    transition: background .15s, color .15s;\n    white-space: nowrap;\n}\n.doc-embed-toolbar__btn--view {\n    background: #00659E;\n    color: #FFFFFF;\n    border: 1px solid #008ED6;\n}\n.doc-embed-toolbar__btn--view:hover { background: #007ABB; }\n.doc-embed-toolbar__btn--dl {\n    background: rgba(255,255,255,.12);\n    color: rgba(255,255,255,.9);\n    border: 1px solid rgba(255,255,255,.25);\n}\n.doc-embed-toolbar__btn--dl:hover { background: rgba(255,255,255,.2); color: #FFFFFF; }\n.doc-embed-frame {\n    width: 100%;\n    height: 560px;\n    border: none;\n    display: block;\n    background: #FFFFFF;\n}\n@media(max-width:600px){ .doc-embed-frame { height: 380px; } }\n\n\n.pdf-embed-wrap{border-radius:8px;overflow:hidden;box-shadow:0 2px 16px rgba(0,21,46,.1);margin:1.5rem 0;}\n.pdf-embed-header{background:#002147;padding:.75rem 1.25rem;display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;gap:1rem;flex-wrap:wrap;}\n.pdf-embed-title{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-weight:700;font-size:.88rem;color:#FFFFFF;}\n.pdf-embed-actions{display:flex;gap:.5rem;flex-wrap:wrap;}\n.pdf-btn{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:.75rem;font-weight:600;padding:.35rem .85rem;border-radius:4px;text-decoration:none;transition:background .15s;white-space:nowrap;}\n.pdf-btn--view{background:rgba(255,255,255,.15);color:#FFFFFF;}\n.pdf-btn--view:hover{background:rgba(255,255,255,.25);}\n.pdf-btn--dl{background:#00659E;color:#FFFFFF;}\n.pdf-btn--dl:hover{background:#007ABB;}\n.pdf-embed-frame{display:block;background:#F3F7FB;width:100%;border:1px solid #C2D4E6;border-radius:0 0 8px 8px;}\n\n\n\n.dhw-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:1.6rem;align-items:start}\n@media(min-width:720px){.dhw-grid{grid-template-columns:230px 1fr}}\n.dhw-photo{width:100%;max-width:230px;height:auto;border-radius:12px;border:1px solid #C2D4E6;display:block}\n.dhw-body p{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:1.06rem;line-height:1.72;color:#1C2430;margin:0 0 1rem;max-width:76ch}\n.dhw-body p strong{color:#002147}\n.dhw-body a{color:#00629A;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none}\n.dhw-body a:hover{text-decoration:underline}\n.dhw-list{margin:.4rem 0 1.1rem;padding-left:1.3rem}\n.dhw-list li{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05rem;line-height:1.6;color:#1C2430;margin-bottom:.5rem;max-width:76ch}\n.dhw-callout{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:1.02rem;line-height:1.6;color:#002147;background:#EAF4FB;border-left:3px solid #008ED6;border-radius:0 8px 8px 0;padding:.9rem 1.15rem;margin:.4rem 0 0;max-width:76ch}\n.dhw-src{margin:1.2rem 0 0;font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:.82rem;line-height:1.6;color:#4A5060}\n.dhw-src a{color:#00629A;text-decoration:none;word-break:break-word}\n.dhw-src a:hover{text-decoration:underline}\n.dhw-src .dhw-src-h{font-weight:700;color:#002147;display:block;margin-top:.5rem}\n<\/style>\n<style>\n.cards-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(260px,1fr));gap:1.25rem}\n.card{position:relative;overflow:hidden;display:flex;flex-direction:column;transition:border-color .25s ease,box-shadow .25s ease,transform .25s ease !important}\n.card::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;top:0;left:0;right:0;height:4px;background:linear-gradient(90deg,#00629A 0%,#008ED6 100%);opacity:.9}\n.card:hover{border-color:#008ED6 !important;box-shadow:0 8px 28px rgba(0,33,71,.10) !important;transform:translateY(-3px)}\na.card{text-decoration:none;color:inherit}\n.card__body{padding:1.6rem 1.5rem;flex:1;display:flex;flex-direction:column}\n.card__title{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:1.12rem;font-weight:700;line-height:1.3;display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.6rem;color:#002147}\n.card__title::after{content:\"\\2192\";color:#00629A;font-weight:700;margin-left:auto;font-size:1.3rem;transition:transform .2s ease}\na.card:hover .card__title::after{transform:translateX(4px)}\n\n\/* Lead prose *\/\n.lead-p{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.85;color:#1C2430;margin:0}\n.lead-p strong{color:#002147}\n\n\/* Risk activities list *\/\n.risk-list{list-style:none;margin:1.5rem 0 0;padding:0;display:grid;gap:.8rem}\n.risk-list li{position:relative;background:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #C2D4E6;border-left:4px solid #008ED6;border-radius:0 8px 8px 0;padding:1.05rem 1.4rem 1.05rem 3.2rem;font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:1.06rem;line-height:1.6;color:#1C2430}\n.risk-list li::before{content:\"\";position:absolute;left:1.25rem;top:1.5rem;width:.6rem;height:.6rem;border-radius:50%;background:#008ED6}\n\n\/* Disclaimer callout *\/\n.disclaimer{background:#FFF8E1;border-left:4px solid #B45309;border-radius:0 10px 10px 0;padding:1.5rem 1.75rem}\n.disclaimer__label{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#7A3607;margin:0 0 .5rem}\n.disclaimer p{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:1.06rem;line-height:1.75;color:#1C2430;margin:0}\n\n\/* Contact items *\/\n.contact-items{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:2.5rem;margin-top:0}\n.contact-item{display:flex;gap:.85rem;align-items:flex-start;margin-bottom:0}\n\n\/* \u2550\u2550\u2550 ADA CONTRAST HARDENING OVERRIDES \u2550\u2550\u2550 *\/\n.lead-p{color:#1C2430 !important}\n.lead-p strong{color:#002147 !important}\n.risk-list li{color:#1C2430 !important}\n.disclaimer__label{color:#7A3607 !important}\n.disclaimer p{color:#1C2430 !important}\n.card__title{color:#002147 !important}\n\n\/* HR mission\/vision *\/\n.mv-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr 1fr;gap:1.25rem;margin-top:.5rem}\n.mv-card{background:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #C2D4E6;border-left:4px solid #008ED6;border-radius:0 12px 12px 0;padding:1.6rem 1.85rem}\n.mv-card__title{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:800;color:#002147 !important;margin:0 0 .6rem}\n.mv-card__text{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05rem;line-height:1.7;color:#1C2430 !important;margin:0}\n.hr-lead{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:1.15rem;line-height:1.85;color:#1C2430 !important;margin:0 0 1.5rem;max-width:80ch}\n.hr-cta-row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.75rem;margin-top:1.5rem}\n\/* Quick links *\/\n.qlink-row{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;gap:.75rem;margin-top:.5rem}\n.qlink{display:inline-flex;align-items:center;gap:.55rem;background:#FFFFFF;border:1px solid #C2D4E6;border-radius:999px;padding:.6rem 1.25rem;font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:.9rem;font-weight:600;color:#00629A !important;text-decoration:none;transition:border-color .2s ease,background .2s ease}\n.qlink::before{content:\"\";width:.5rem;height:.5rem;border-radius:50%;background:#008ED6;flex-shrink:0}\n.qlink:hover{border-color:#008ED6;background:#F3F7FB}\n\/* Support areas *\/\n.support-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fill,minmax(240px,1fr));gap:.75rem;margin:1.25rem 0}\n.support-item{display:flex;align-items:center;gap:.75rem;background:#F3F7FB;border:1px solid #C2D4E6;border-radius:10px;padding:.9rem 1.25rem;font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:1rem;font-weight:700;color:#002147 !important}\n.support-item::before{content:\"\";width:.55rem;height:.55rem;border-radius:50%;background:#008ED6;flex-shrink:0}\n.hr-prose p{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:1.06rem;line-height:1.8;color:#1C2430 !important;margin:0 0 1rem;max-width:80ch}\n.announce-card{background:#00152E;border-radius:12px;padding:1.5rem 1.85rem;background-image:radial-gradient(circle at 88% 15%,rgba(0,142,214,.22),transparent 60%);margin-top:1.5rem}\n.announce-card__label{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:.82rem;font-weight:800;letter-spacing:.06em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#6DC8F5 !important;margin:0 0 .6rem}\n.announce-card a{color:#FFFFFF !important;font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none;font-size:1.1rem}\n.announce-card a:hover{text-decoration:underline}\n.share-card{background:#F3F7FB;border:1px solid #C2D4E6;border-radius:12px;padding:1.75rem 2rem;margin-top:1.5rem}\n.share-card__title{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:1.2rem;font-weight:800;color:#002147 !important;margin:0 0 .6rem}\n.share-card p{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05rem;line-height:1.7;color:#1C2430 !important;margin:0 0 1rem;max-width:75ch}\n\/* IT Access page 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1.5rem;text-decoration:none;transition:border-color .2s,box-shadow .2s}\n.sw-card:hover{border-color:#008ED6;box-shadow:0 6px 20px rgba(0,21,46,.08)}\n.sw-card__name{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:1.1rem;font-weight:800;color:#002147 !important;margin:0 0 .75rem;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.02em}\n.sw-card__row{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:.98rem;line-height:1.55;color:#1C2430 !important;margin:.2rem 0}\n.sw-card__row strong{color:#00629A !important;font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:.8rem;font-weight:700;text-transform:uppercase;letter-spacing:.04em}\n\/* Resources columns *\/\n.itres-grid{display:grid;grid-template-columns:repeat(auto-fit,minmax(240px,1fr));gap:1.5rem 2.5rem}\n.itres-col{list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0;display:grid;gap:.5rem;align-content:start}\n.itres-col li{position:relative;padding-left:1.5rem}\n.itres-col li::before{content:\"\\2192\";position:absolute;left:0;top:.15rem;color:#008ED6;font-weight:800;font-family:'Sora',sans-serif}\n.itres-col a{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:1.04rem;color:#00629A !important;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700}\n.itres-col a:hover{text-decoration:underline}\n\/* Contact phone lines *\/\n.it-phones{display:grid;gap:1rem;margin-top:1.25rem}\n.it-phone__label{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:.78rem;font-weight:700;letter-spacing:.08em;text-transform:uppercase;color:#00629A !important;margin:0 0 .2rem}\n.it-phone__val{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:1.05rem;color:#1C2430 !important;margin:0}\n.it-phone__val a{color:#00629A !important;text-decoration:none;font-weight:700}\n\/* IT page images *\/\n.step-fig{margin:1.25rem 0;padding:0}\n.step-fig a{display:inline-block;border:1px solid #C2D4E6;border-radius:10px;overflow:hidden;background:#FFFFFF;line-height:0;box-shadow:0 2px 10px rgba(0,21,46,.06);transition:border-color .2s,box-shadow .2s;max-width:100%}\n.step-fig a:hover{border-color:#008ED6;box-shadow:0 6px 20px rgba(0,21,46,.12)}\n.step-fig img{display:block;max-width:100%;height:auto}\n.step-fig--logo a{border:none;box-shadow:none;background:transparent}\n.step-fig--logo img{max-height:80px;width:auto}\n.step-fig--screen img{max-width:420px}\n.step-fig figcaption{font-family:'Sora',sans-serif;font-size:.78rem;color:#4A5060 !important;margin-top:.5rem;font-style:normal}\n.step-note-img{font-family:'Crimson Pro',Georgia,serif;font-size:.95rem;color:#4A5060 !important;font-style:italic;margin:.25rem 0 1rem}\n.sw-card__logo{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:center;height:70px;margin-bottom:1rem;background:#F3F7FB;border-radius:8px;padding:.75rem}\n.sw-card__logo img{max-height:52px;max-width:80%;width:auto;height:auto}\n.sec-hero-img{margin:0 0 1.75rem;border-radius:14px;overflow:hidden;line-height:0;border:1px solid #C2D4E6}\n.sec-hero-img img{display:block;width:100%;height:auto;max-height:300px;object-fit:cover}\n@media (max-width: 760px){\n.mv-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr}\n.cards-grid{grid-template-columns:1fr;gap:1rem}\n.contact-items{gap:1.5rem}\n}\n<\/style>\n<\/head>\n<body>\n\n<a href=\"#main-content\" class=\"skip-link\">Skip to main content<\/a>\n\n<nav class=\"breadcrumb\" aria-label=\"Breadcrumb\">\n<div class=\"w\"><ol class=\"breadcrumb__list\">\n  <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/\">JSU Home<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\">Jackson Heart Study GTEC<\/a><\/li>\n  <li><span aria-current=\"page\">Who Was Dr. Daniel Hale Williams?<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ol><\/div>\n<\/nav>\n\n<main id=\"main-content\" class=\"jsu-main-content\">\n\n  <!-- HERO -->\n  <section class=\"hero dk\" aria-labelledby=\"hero-h\">\n  <div class=\"w\"><div class=\"hero__inner\"><div>\n    <span class=\"hero__tag\">JSU &middot; GTEC<\/span>\n    <h1 class=\"hero__title\" id=\"hero-h\">\n      Who Was <em>Dr. Daniel Hale Williams?<\/em>\n    <\/h1>\n    <p class=\"hero__desc\">\n      The pioneering surgeon and namesake of the JHS GTEC Scholars Program.\n    <\/p>\n    <div class=\"hero__btns\">\n      <a href=\"#history\" class=\"btn btn--primary\">Brief History<\/a>\n      <a href=\"#contact\" class=\"btn btn--outline-white\">Contact GTEC<\/a>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div><\/div><\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <!-- WELCOME -->\n  <section class=\"sec\" id=\"who\" aria-labelledby=\"who-h\">\n  <div class=\"w\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head\" style=\"margin-bottom:1.5rem;\">\n      <span class=\"sec-eyebrow\">JSU GTEC<\/span>\n      <h2 class=\"sec-title\" id=\"who-h\">Who Was Dr. Daniel Hale Williams?<\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"dhw-grid\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"dhw-photo\" src=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/68\/2026\/10\/danielhalewilliams21.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Daniel Hale Williams\" title=\"Who Was Dr. Daniel Hale Williams?\">\n      <div class=\"dhw-body\">\n        <p>The <strong>JHS GTEC Scholars Program<\/strong> is named after <strong>Dr. Daniel Hale Williams<\/strong> (1858-1931) who was:<\/p>\n        <ul class=\"dhw-list\">\n          <li>The first African American cardiologist who performed the first successful open-heart surgery<\/li>\n          <li>Founded the first interracial hospital, Provident Hospital and Training School<\/li>\n          <li>Created two hospital-based training programs for nursing<\/li>\n          <li>Co-founded the National Medical Association<\/li>\n          <li>The first African American physician admitted to the American College of Surgeons<\/li>\n          <li>Dr. Williams&rsquo;s work and advocacy for African Americans presence in medicine is honored by educational institutions worldwide<\/li>\n        <\/ul>\n        <p class=\"dhw-callout\"><strong>His accomplishments span across all four graduate disciplines selected for our GTEC, and will serve as an inspiring model for all of our scholars.<\/strong><\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"sec sec--off\" id=\"history\" aria-labelledby=\"history-h\">\n  <div class=\"w\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head\" style=\"margin-bottom:1.5rem;\">\n      <span class=\"sec-eyebrow\">Biography<\/span>\n      <h2 class=\"sec-title\" id=\"history-h\">Brief History<\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"dhw-grid\">\n      <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"dhw-photo\" src=\"https:\/\/jsums.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/68\/2026\/10\/danielhalewilliams4.jpg\" alt=\"Dr. Daniel Hale Williams\" title=\"Who Was Dr. Daniel Hale Williams?\">\n      <div class=\"dhw-body\">\n        <p>Dr. Daniel Hale Williams has an inspiring story. He was born in Hollidaysburg, Pennsylvania on January 18, 1856. Daniel was the eldest son of eight children. Around the age of 10 his father died of tuberculosis. The family moved to Baltimore, Maryland to live with relatives. Daniel became a shoemaker&rsquo;s apprentice. He disliked the work and returned to his family barbering business. Ultimately Daniel decided to pursue his education. He worked as an apprentice with Dr. Henry Palmer, who was considered a highly accomplished surgeon. Daniel graduated with an M.D. degree in 1883 at Chicago Medical College. Dr. Williams practiced medicine in Chicago at a time when there were only three other black physicians in Chicago (providentfoundation.org). He also worked with the Equal Rights League, a black civil rights organization active during the Reconstruction era.<\/p>\n        <p>Considered a thoughtful and skilled surgeon, Dr. Williams&rsquo; practice grew as he treated both black and white patients. In 1889, he was appointed to the Illinois State Board of Health (now known as the Illinois Department of Public Health), and worked with medical standards and hospital rules (providentfoundation.org). Dr. Williams practiced during an era when racism and discrimination prohibited African Americans from being admitted to hospitals and denied black doctors employment on hospital staff. To counteract this practice, Dr. Williams founded the <a href=\"https:\/\/mappingcare.digital.uic.edu\/page\/provident-hosptial-and-training-school-1930-1966\">Provident Hospital and Training School<\/a> for Nurses, now called <a href=\"https:\/\/interactive.wttw.com\/dusable-to-obama\/provident-hospital\">Provident Hospital of Cook County in Chicago<\/a>. This emerged as the first hospital in the country with a nursing and intern program that hired African Americans. This hospital had the distinction of being the first medical facility to have an interracial staff.<\/p>\n        <p>In 1893, Dr. Williams became the first surgeon to performed open-heart surgery on a human. Dr. Williams perform the nation&rsquo;s first open-heart surgery at the Provident hospital in the summer of 1893. The operation was done without X-rays, antibiotics, surgical prep-work, or tools of modern surgery. Dr. Williams&rsquo; skills placed him and Provident Hospital at the fore-front of one of Chicago&rsquo;s medical milestones. His patient, James Cornish, survived. He was discharged 51 days after his remarkable surgery (http:\/\/www.cookcountyhhs.org). He was considered a pioneering heart surgeon during a time when technological discoveries were revolutionizing the practice of medicine. In 1894, Dr. Williams moved to Washington, DC, where as Chief Surgeon of the Freedmen&rsquo;s Hospital, he continued his assault on health disparities by encouraging the employment of a multiracial staff and promoting the advancement of surgical procedures. In 1895, he co-founded the National Medical Association, a professional organization for black medical practitioners. This organization was instituted as an alternative to the all-white American Medical Association that did not extend membership to black doctors.<\/p>\n        <p>When Dr. Williams left the Freedmen&rsquo;s Hospital in 1898, he returned to Provident. He later moved to Cook County Hospital and then to the larger St Luke&rsquo;s. He worked at Meharry Medical College for about 20 years, beginning in 1899, and in 1913, he became a charter member of the American College of Surgeons. Dr. Daniel Hale Williams experienced a stroke and died five years later in 1931.<\/p>\n        <p class=\"dhw-src\">\n          <span class=\"dhw-src-h\">To learn more:<\/span>\n          <a href=\"http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/topic\/Daniel_Hale_Williams.aspx\">encyclopedia.com\/topic\/Daniel_Hale_Williams<\/a>\n          <span class=\"dhw-src-h\">Sources:<\/span>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/cookcountyhealth.org\/locations\/provident-hospital-of-cook-county\/\">cookcountyhealth.org &mdash; Provident Hospital of Cook County<\/a><br>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.biography.com\/scientist\/daniel-hale-williams\">biography.com &mdash; Daniel Hale Williams<\/a><br>\n          <a href=\"http:\/\/provfound.org\/index.php\/history\/history-dr-daniel-hale-williams\">provfound.org &mdash; History of Dr. Daniel Hale Williams<\/a>\n        <\/p>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n  <section class=\"sec sec--surface\" id=\"contact\" aria-labelledby=\"contact-h\">\n  <div class=\"w\">\n    <div class=\"sec-head\" style=\"margin-bottom:1.25rem;\">\n      <span class=\"sec-eyebrow\">Get in Touch<\/span>\n      <h2 class=\"sec-title\" id=\"contact-h\">Contact GTEC<\/h2>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"contact-items\">\n      <div class=\"contact-item\">\n        <span class=\"contact-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">&#128205;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"contact-item__label\">Location<\/span>\n        <span class=\"contact-item__val\">Jackson Heart Study Graduate Training and Education Center<br>Jackson State University School of Public Health<br>Jackson Medical Mall, Suite 2900-B<br>350 West Woodrow Wilson Avenue<br>Jackson, MS 39213<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"contact-item\">\n        <span class=\"contact-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">&#128222;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"contact-item__label\">Phone<\/span>\n        <span class=\"contact-item__val\"><a href=\"tel:+16019798700\">601-979-8700<\/a><\/span>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"contact-item\">\n        <span class=\"contact-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">&#128233;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"contact-item__label\">Fax<\/span>\n        <span class=\"contact-item__val\">601-979-1412<\/span>\n      <\/div>\n      <div class=\"contact-item\">\n        <span class=\"contact-icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">&#9993;<\/span>\n        <span class=\"contact-item__label\">Email<\/span>\n        <span class=\"contact-item__val\"><a href=\"mailto:GTEC@jsums.edu\">GTEC@jsums.edu<\/a><\/span>\n      <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n  <\/div>\n  <\/section>\n\n<\/main><!-- end #main-content -->\n\n<button class=\"fnav-toggle\" aria-label=\"Open page navigation menu\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"fnav-drawer\" type=\"button\">\n  <span class=\"fnav-toggle__icon\" aria-hidden=\"true\">&#9776;<\/span>\n  <span class=\"fnav-toggle__label\">Menu<\/span>\n<\/button>\n\n<div class=\"fnav-overlay\" id=\"fnav-overlay\" aria-hidden=\"true\"><\/div>\n\n<nav class=\"fnav-drawer\" id=\"fnav-drawer\" aria-label=\"Page navigation\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n  <div class=\"fnav-drawer__header\">\n    <div>\n      <span class=\"fnav-drawer__eyebrow\">JSU &middot; Public Health<\/span>\n      <span class=\"fnav-drawer__title\">Jackson Heart Study GTEC<\/span>\n    <\/div>\n    <button class=\"fnav-close\" aria-label=\"Close navigation menu\" type=\"button\">&times;<\/button>\n  <\/div>\n  <div class=\"fnav-drawer__body\">\n    <div class=\"fnav-group\">\n      <span class=\"fnav-group__label\">GTEC<\/span>\n      <ul class=\"fnav-group__items\" role=\"list\">\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\" class=\"fnav-item\" aria-current=\"false\">Home<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\/files\/2026\/03\/GTEC_Application_2026_Finalized.pdf\" class=\"fnav-item\" aria-current=\"false\">APPLY NOW!!<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"fnav-group\">\n      <span class=\"fnav-group__label\">About Us<\/span>\n      <ul class=\"fnav-group__items\" role=\"list\">\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\/about2\/\" class=\"fnav-item\" aria-current=\"false\">About Us<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\/goals-objectives\/\" class=\"fnav-item\" aria-current=\"false\">Goals &amp; Objectives<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\/dr-daniel-hale-williams\" class=\"fnav-item\" aria-current=\"page\">Dr. Daniel Hale Williams<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\/administration\/\" class=\"fnav-item\" aria-current=\"false\">Principal Investigator<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\/contact-us\/staff-2\/\" class=\"fnav-item\" aria-current=\"false\">Staff<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\/contact-us\/lca\/\" class=\"fnav-item\" aria-current=\"false\">Learning Community Advisors<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\/gtec-mentors\/\" class=\"fnav-item\" aria-current=\"false\">Mentors<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\/contact-us\/gtec-instuctors\/\" class=\"fnav-item\" aria-current=\"false\">Instructors<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n      <\/ul>\n    <\/div>\n    <div class=\"fnav-group\">\n      <span class=\"fnav-group__label\">Research &amp; Study<\/span>\n      <ul class=\"fnav-group__items\" role=\"list\">\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\/research\" class=\"fnav-item\" aria-current=\"false\">Research<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        <li>\n          <a href=\"https:\/\/www.jsums.edu\/gtec\/proposals\/\" class=\"fnav-item\" aria-current=\"false\">DHW Scholars&rsquo; Proposals<\/a>\n        <\/li>\n        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